历年真题精析——命题剖析及复习指导(6)

Part A

Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are goodnatured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services"than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, groupliving species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

每个人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是如果你知道你的一个同事薪水加得比你多，那么加薪带给你的喜悦就消失得无影无踪了。事实上，如果他有一个懒散的坏名声的话，你甚至会变得义愤填膺。这种行为被认为是"人之常情"，它假定了其他动物没有这样高度发达的不满情绪。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大Emory大学的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal 进行的一项研究表明，猴子也有类似的情绪表达，这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》期刊上。

研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺乐于合作，愿意分享食物，最重要的是，就像女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更注意商品和服务的价值。

这些特性让它们成为Brosnan博士和de Waal博士最理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年时间教这些猴子们用代币换取食物。通常，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当把两只猴子分别关在相邻的两个房间里，它们能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变得明显不同。

在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意自己的代币只换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另一只猴子就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一间屋子里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），这就足以引起一只雌性卷尾猴的憎恨。

研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。义愤感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受一个较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其他成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自于三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by.
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] making a comparison
[D] explaining a phenomenon

22.The statement"it is all too monkey"(Last line, paragraph 1)implies that.
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are .
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers' instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys.
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers
[B] can be taught to exchange things
[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated
[D] are unhappy when separated from others

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

第一段中心句：But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.但是由乔治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的萨拉·布罗斯南和弗朗士·德·瓦尔进行的一项研究表明，猴子也是这样。

第二段中心句：The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. 科研人员研究了雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为。

第三段中心句：Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. 这些特征使它们成为萨拉·布罗斯南和弗朗士·德·瓦尔博士最理想的实验对象。

第四段中心句：Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. 事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌性卷尾猴的怨恨。

第五段中心句：The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感影响。

Text 2

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth' s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."

Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of "paralysis by analysis"。

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

你还记得科学家们争论说吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚信我们对此无法得出定论的那些年月吗？难道缺乏了决定性的证据科学也不确定了吗？难道反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外吗？许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语，三十多年中，差不多一千万烟民早早地进了坟墓。

现在，当科学家们前仆后继，试图唤醒我们意识到全球气候变暖的威胁日益严重的时候，又出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。最近一批由白宫召集，来自国家科学院的专家团告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这主要是人为造成的。他们明确传递的信息是我们应该着手保护自己。Bruce Alberts是国家科学院的院长，他在专家团报告的前言中提到了这一重要的观点："科学解答不了所有的问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和其他各国在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供给我们的对于人类现在的行为对未来影响的最好的判断作为依据。"

就像吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球气候变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断地排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏：到了有百分之百证据的时候，可能就太晚了。这种风险很明显，并且不断增加，一个审慎之人现在就应该准备一份保单了。

幸运的是，白宫开始注意这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划，相反只是继续要求进行更多的研究--这是一个典型的"分析导致麻痹"的案例。

为了成为地球上有责任心的一员，我们必须努力推进对于大气和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不够的。如果政府不主动采取立法措施，国会就将帮助它开始采取保护措施了。西弗吉尼亚的民主党议员Robert Byrd提出一项议案，从经济上激励私企，这是一个良好的开端。许多人看到这个国家正准备修建许多新的能源工厂，以满足我们的能源需求。如果我们准备保护大气，关键就是这些新工厂要对环境无害。

26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that. 
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense

27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as. 
[A] a protector
[B] a judge
[C] a critic
[D] a guide

28. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (Last line, paragraph 4)?
[A] Endless studies kill action.
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C] Prudent planning hinders.
[D] Extensive research helps decision making.

29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press for further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.

30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because.
[A] they both suffered from the government's negligence
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse

第一段中心句：Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? 还记得那些年科学家说吸烟会要我们的命，而怀疑者却坚持说我们并不肯定、论据没有说服力、科学没有定论吗？

第二段中心句：There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.这种令人不安的事情今天又发生了，因为科学家一次又一次地试图唤醒我们注意全球变暖的威胁。

第三段中心句：Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.和对待吸烟问题一样，现在来自许多地方的声音坚持认为，有关全球变暖的科学并不完整，知道我们完全弄清楚之前继续向大气中排放废气没有什么大不了的。

第四段中心句：But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously.但是，大多数总统顾问（智囊团）并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。

第五段中心句：But research alone is inadequate.但是，仅仅是研究是不够的（要采取一定措施，付诸于行动）。