考研英语阅读命题思路透析和真题揭秘(44)

In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small , well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human-relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one' s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.

Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century "free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.

总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚主义管理方式来统治的大企业。在这一企业中，人成了机器中润滑良好的小齿轮。小齿轮的润滑是通过高薪、通风良好的厂房、管乐及心理学家和人际关系专家来进行的。然而，这种润滑并未改变这样一个事实：人已变得无能为力，不再全心全意投入到工作，并对工作感到厌烦。事实上，蓝领和白领工人已经成了伴随自动化机器和官僚主义管理方式的节奏翩翩起舞的经济玩偶。

工人与雇员心情焦虑不仅仅是因为他们可能失业，而且因为他们不能在生活中获得真正的满足和兴趣。在他们一生中，没有作为情感上与智力上独立的、具有创造性的人去面对人类生存中的根本现实。

那些位于高层社会的人们也很忧虑。他们的生活同其下属一样空虚。在某些方面，他们更觉不安全，因为他们就像在参加一场高度紧张的竞赛。被提升或降职不仅是薪水问题，更是一个人的自尊问题。第一次申请工作时，他们不仅会受到智力测验，而且也会接受综合考察其顺从性和独立性的测验。自那时起，他们就不断受到心理学家和上司的测验。对心理学家而言，测验是他们的生财之道。上司则通过测验是用来判断他们的行为、社交能力及与人交往的能力等。他们需要不断地证明自己与竞争对手同样优秀或者超过对手，从而不断地产生忧虑和压力，这正是不幸疾病的起因。

我是否在建议我们应回到工业化前的生产模式或回到十九世纪"自由企业"资本主义时期呢？当然不是。回到已过时的时代从来不能解决问题。我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度生产和最大限度消费为目的的官僚主义管理工业体制变成一个充分发挥人的潜能--如爱和理性的潜能--为目的的人道主义工业体制。生产和消费只能作为达到这一目的的手段，而且要防止它们控制了人类。