原文

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality .The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subject. They publish more than1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging. Three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of on line journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three. such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

译文

曾经一切是很直接的。一组在实验室合作的研究者会将他们的研究成果发给期刊杂志。杂志编辑会将作者名字和附件从论文上删去再交给同领域的其他研究者进行复审。编辑将根据得到的评价决定是发表论文还是退回稿件。版权归杂志发行人所有，研究人员要查询有关知识成果必须先购买杂志。

但这已成为历史。因特网以及来自资金提供部门的压力——这些组织一直质疑为什么商业发行人通过限制资源来从政府资助的研究项目中牟利——使取得科技研究成果成为现实。经济合作和发展组织最新发布了一项报告描述了这将产生的意义深远的结果。这篇报告由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰.胡顿和经合组织的格拉汗.维克里合作完成，迄今已经获利丰厚的发行人来读这篇文章必定如芒在背。但是它的意义不仅如此，它标志着到现在为止一直是科学研究中的关键的东西将会发生改变。

知识的价值和在研究上的公共投资回报部分来说，取决于广大的发行量和迅速的途径。这是一桩大生意。美国核心科技出版市场据估计市值70亿美元到110亿美元之间。国际科技协会，医学技术发行人组织表示世界范围内超过2000个出版机构是专注于这一些领域。他们每年在16000多种杂志上刊载出超过120万篇文章。

这些正在发生改变。根据经合组织的报告，75%的学术期刊在因特网上都能找到。全新的商业模式正在形成。报告作者将其分成三种主要模式。现在出现一种所谓的大杂烩，研究单位订阅者通过网站许可协议，购买网上期刊合集的使用权。还有一种开放式发行，一般需要作者（或者其雇主）为发表的论文付费。最后，还有一种开放路径的档案库，由一些如大学或者研究院所的实验室等机构扶持建立。其他类型的模式主要是这三种模式混合而成。延时开放阅览——期刊前六个月只允许订阅者阅读论文，然后对所有想读该论文的人免费开放。所有以上所述都可能改变同行复审流程的传统模式，至少对论文发行来讲是如此。

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