历年真题精析——命题剖析及复习指导(2)
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are__1___ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly__2___to live shorter lives. This suggests that__3___bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n)__4___ in not being too terrifically bright.
Intelligence, it__5___, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow__6___the starting line because it depends on learning - a (an) __7___process - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to __8___.
Is there an adaptive value to__9___ intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance__10__at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real __11__of our own intelligence might be. This is__12__the mind of every animal we've ever met.
Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would__13__on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, __14__, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that__15__animals ran the labs, they would test us to__16__the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really__17__, not merely how much of it there is. __18__, they would hope to study a__19__question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? __20__ the results are inconclusive.
译文
对动物智能进行的研究总是让我想了解人类到底有多聪明。不妨考虑一下卡尔·齐默周二发表在《科学时报》杂志上的对于果蝇实验的描述,那些学得比普通果蝇更聪明的果蝇往往寿命比较短。这让人想起比较暗淡的灯泡照明时间反而比较长,不那么聪明也有自身的优势。
事实证明,聪明是一种昂贵的选择。它需要更多的保养,消耗更多的燃料,起步慢,这是因为聪明依赖学习---一个渐进的过程---而不是本能。许多其它物种都能够学习,它们显然已经学会的一件事就是什么时候停止学习。
是否有一个有限聪明的适应值呢?这是该项研究背后的问题。我喜欢它。该研究不是要我们对那些在智力方面已被人类远远抛在后面的物种投以悲怜的眼光,而是含蓄地提出一个问题:人类智慧的真正代价可能是什么。而这是我们遇见所有动物都在思考的问题。
研究动物智能也让我想知道如果动物有机会的话,它们会对人类进行何种实验。例如,每一只有主人的猫都在进行一项有关操作性条件反射的小规模研究。我认为,如果让动物管理实验室的话,它们会对我们进行测试,来确定我们的忍耐度、我们的忠诚度、我们对地域的记忆力。它们将设法确定人类智慧的用途,而不仅仅是人类有多少智慧。更重要的是,它们希望研究一个基本问题:人类是否真正了解他们生活的这个世界?迄今为止,结果尚不确定。
1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine
2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened
3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer
4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority
5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward
6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along
7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual
8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think
9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different
10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward
11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs
12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across
13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply
14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance
15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest
16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach
17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with
18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise
19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile
20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still
[内容提要]
本文围绕对动物智能的研究展开话题,说明智慧也是要付出代价的,并假想若是动物对人类智能进行研究的话,会是什么状况。
1.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 语义衔接/词汇辨析
[解题过程]本题目选择动词,放在祈使句句首。选项A. suppose认为,假定;B. consider考虑;C. observe 观察;D. imagine 想象。文章开篇指出:Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are."对动物智慧的研究总是让我对人类到底有多聪明感到好奇",接着举了果蝇的例子,该句要选择的动词应与上句在语义上衔接。用consider意为"让读者考虑一下(果蝇实验)",从而引出下文,其它选项均不符合题意。
2.[正确答案] A
[考查重点]语义衔接/固定搭配
[解题过程] 本题目选择动词(过去式),与介词"to"构成动词短语,在句子中充当谓语。选项A. tended to易于,往往会......;B. feared to 害怕做某事;C. happened to 碰巧做某事;D. threatened to 威胁要做某事。Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly_____to live shorter lives. 原文讲述的是在实验中经常发生的一种情况,即"通过训练变得更聪明的果蝇,其寿命往往比普通果蝇短"。故选A。
3. [正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接/词汇辨析
[解题过程]本题目选择形容词比较级,在句中作定语修饰bulbs。This suggests that_____bulbs burn longer, ..."这让人想起......的灯泡照明时间比较长......。"上句讲到"聪明的果蝇寿命往往较短",这句接着用灯泡作类比,承接上句语义,应该是越不亮的灯泡用的时间越长,所以选D dimmer 较暗的;选项C lighter更亮的,与前文意思相悖; A thinner 更薄的,更瘦的;B stable 更稳定的;该两项均不符合题意。
4. [正确答案] B
[考查重点] 语义衔接/词汇辨析/固定搭配
[解题过程] 本题目选择名词,并与in搭配。选项A. tendency 趋势,倾向,后面常接介词for或动词不定式,如:a tendency for sth.或a tendency to do sth.(做)某事的倾向;B. advantage 优势,后常接介词in,即an advantage in sth. 在某方面具有优势;C. inclination倾向,意愿,倾斜度,后常接介词for或动词不定式,即an inclination for sth.或an inclination to do sth.想做某事;D. priority 优先权,后常接over,如:take priority over sth./sb. (比某事/某人)具有优先权。且从上下文语义来看,前面说聪明的果蝇寿命短,越不亮的灯泡用的时间越长,所以这里语义应为"不太聪明(灯泡不太亮)是有优势的",故B为正确选项。注意,bright在此处是一语双关,既可表示"灯泡不那么亮",也可表示"人不那么聪明"。
5. [正确答案] C
[考查重点] 语义衔接/词汇辨析
[解题过程] 本题目要选择动词短语,使插入语完整。从上文可知,"聪明的果蝇寿命往往较短",以及"不太聪明是有优势的",由此推出的结果是:聪明也是要付出代价的。C. turn out意为"结果是......",把it turns out用作插入语,使该句与上段内容紧紧联系起来,因此选C。A. insist on坚持;B. sum up总计,总结;D. put forward提出。这三项均不符合题意。
6. [正确答案] A
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择介词,体现与the starting line(起跑线)的逻辑关系。选项B. behind和C. over可以首先排除,因为这里没有涉及空间位置关系;若选D. along则是"沿着起跑线徘徊"之意,这与后面的process意思不符;选项A. off 有"离开"之意,slow off the starting line表示"离开起跑线慢了",即"起步慢了",但仍在进步,与后文逻辑一致,故选A。
7. [正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接/词汇辨析。
[解题过程]本题目选择形容词,做process的定语。破折号表示对前面内容即learning的解释。这里把learning(学习)与instinct(本能)作对比,结合前文的slow,以及学习自身的特点可知,只有gradual"渐进的" 符合题意。其它三项A. 难以置信的;B. spontaneous 自发的;C. inevitable 不可避免的, 均不符合题意,故本题答案为D。
8.[正确答案] C
[考查重点]语义衔接/词汇辨析。
[解题过程] Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to _____."许多其它物种都能够学习,它们显然已经学会的一件事就是什么时候......学习。"由上文可知,聪明需要学习,很多物种都能够学习,但都没有变聪明,这是因为它们还学会了适时停止学习。因此选C。其它三项在语义上均不通。
9.[正确答案] B
[考查重点]语义衔接/词汇辨析
[解题过程]本题目选择形容词,作定语修饰intelligence。由上文可知,智慧越多,付出的代价越多,因此智慧肯定是有限的,而且根据value也可以推断这里是关于intelligence多少的问题。选项A.invisible 看不见的;C. indefinite 不确定的;D. 不同的:均与数量多少无关 ,只有limited"有限的,不多的"符合题意,故选B。
10.[正确答案] D
[考查重点]语义衔接/词汇辨析
[解题过程]本题目选择副词以表明逻辑关系。"we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise"是定语从句,修饰the species。cast a glance at...意为"对......投以目光";"leave sb. in the dust"是固定搭配,"将某人远远抛在后面"的意思;I.Q.-wise是派生词,后缀-wise表示方式,意为"在I.Q.方面"。这句话是说"该研究不是要我们对那些在智力方面已被人类远远抛在后面的物种投以悲怜的眼光。"人类看这些被抛在后面的物种,自然是往后看了,所以D. backward为正确选项,A. upward 向上;B. forward 向前;C. afterward 之后,后来(表时间);该三项均不符合题意。
11.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接/词义辨析
[解题过程] 本题目选择名词,做宾语从句的主语。...it implicitly asks what the real ____of our own intelligence might be. "这项实验含蓄地提出一个问题:人类智慧的真正......可能是什么。"前文已经提到Intelligence...is a high-priced option,因此应选D. costs。选项A. features 特征;B. influences 影响;C. results 结果,均不符合题意。
12.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 固定搭配。
[解题过程]本题目选择介词,与mind搭配。on one's mind或on the mind of sb. 是固定短语,意为"有心事,总是想着",其它三项均不能与mind构成固定搭配。
13.[正确答案] C
[考查重点]固定搭配
[解题过程]本题目选择动词,作为wonder引导的宾语从句的谓语。选择的动词应与experiments搭配。选项A. deliver 递送 :D. apply 应用;两者均不能与experiments搭配。若用carry,则为carry out experiments,故只能选C. perform 执行,perform experiments意为"做实验"。
14.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 词汇辨析
[解题过程] 本题目选择介词短语在句中做插入语,表明逻辑关系。前文已经讲到作者很好奇,如果动物有机会的话,会对人类进行何种实验。本句接着说Every cat with an owner, ____, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning."每一只有主人的猫都在进行一项有关操作性条件反射的小规模研究。"这是以cat为例进一步论述动物对人进行实验,因此应选择表示举例的介词短语,故选D. for instance 例如。选项A. by chance 偶然;B. in contrast与...相比 ;C. as usual像往常一样;均不符合题意。
15. [正确答案] A
[考查重点] 逻辑衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择连词,体现句子之间的逻辑关系。由ran,would可知,本句使用了虚拟语气,是对动物可能对人类进行实验进行了假设,故选A。选项B. unless 除非;C. as因为;D lest 唯恐,均不符合题意。
16. [正确答案] C
[考查重点]语义衔接/词汇辨析。
[解题过程] 本题目选择动词,与limits搭配,作为test的目的。选项A. moderate 缓和;B. overcome 克服;D. reach 达到 。既然作为测试的目的,应为确定某些内容,故选C. determine 这里是"查明,测定"的意思。
17. [正确答案] B
[考查重点]语义衔接/词义辨析
[解题过程] 本题目选择介词,体现逻辑关系。该句承接上一句,继续论述假设动物对人类进行实验的内容。选项A. at表示方位; C. after表示时间;D. with表示伴随,均不符合语义,只有B. for表示目的,构成what...for符合语境,表明动物们想了解人类智慧是用来干什么的。
18.正确答案] A
[考查重点]逻辑衔接
[解题过程]本题目选择逻辑关系词,体现前后句子之间的逻辑关系。前面两句解释了假设动物对人类进行实验会进行的的内容:它们想了解人类的某些极限,想知道人类智慧的用途。本句与前两句构成并列排比,they would hope to study a__19__question"它们希望研究一个问题",与前两句应为顺承关系,表示强调或递进,所以B. After all毕竟;C. However但是;D. Otherwise 否则;三者均不符合题意,只有Above all"首先,尤其是"符合题意。
19. [正确答案] A
[考查重点]语义衔接/词汇辨析。
[解题过程] 本题目选择形容词,作定语修饰question。选项A. fundamental 基本的;B. comprehensive 综合的;C. equivalent 相等的; D. hostile 敌对的。由下文可知,这个question是Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? "人类是否真正了解他们生活的这个世界?"这应该是个最基本的问题,故选A。
20.[正确答案] C
[考查重点]逻辑衔接/词汇辨析。
[解题过程] 本题目选择短语体现与前面句子的逻辑关系。前面句子提出一个问题,本句讲____ the results are inconclusive. "......结果是不确定的。"因此, 选项C so far"迄今为止"最符合题意,A. By accident 偶然;B In time 及时;D. Better still更好;三者都不符合语义。
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