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1997 Passage 311. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
【译文】他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。
【析句】句子的主干是The phrase “substance abuse” is often used,不定式 (to make clear that…)作目的状语。that后面跟了一个宾语从句作动词(make clear)的宾语。
【讲词】make clear意为“解释,说明”。I’ve made it clear that it simply is not true.(我已经清楚表明,这绝对不是真的。)
12. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves.
【译文】我们生活在一个物质(药物)在医疗和社交方面使用都很广泛的社会里:用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林,用来应酬的酒,早晨用来提神的咖啡,还有定神用的香烟。
【析句】句子的主干就是We live in a society,后面是一个which引导的定语从句in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive,修饰society。冒号后面的部分是并列关系的名词词组,用来举例说明前面提出的substances。
【讲词】pervasive意为“普遍的”。They discussed the pervasive role of science,technology,and health in foreign policy.(他们讨论了科学、技术和卫生在外交政策中的普遍作用。)
13. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
【译文】依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量,要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大,而一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。
【析句】句子的主干结构是Dependence is marked。句中状语较长,注意and连接的两个by开始的介词词组是并列关系。
【讲词】dependence在句中的意思是“对药物的依赖”,withdrawal意为“停止用药”。
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