【写在前面】

暑假可以说是备考的黄金时间了，如何利用好这2个月的宝贵时间，全面提升各科实力，想必是诸多考研学子最想知道的事了吧。各种备考方法纷繁复杂，备考资料五花八门，如何不让这个暑假虚度呢，如何学才能更有效率呢。我想有一个方法是大家公认的，那就是做真题。数学，英语，专业课，真题都是最宝贵的资料。一天一篇真题记单词，在推出后受到了大家的认可，当然也有很多不足之处，在上学期出了20期后，暑期版隆重推出，希望能陪伴大家度过一个充实的暑假备战时期。

【真题原文】

Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.

【单词讲解】

1.other than 除了

2.addict vt. 使沉溺, 使上瘾 n. 入迷的人, 有瘾的人

3.neutual 中立的，中性的 positive 积极的 negative 消极的

4.pervasive adj. 普遍深入的 [派生] pervasion n. 扩散, 渗透 pervade v. 遍及
这个单词出了个猜意思的考点，要是知道那是最爽了，不知道的话就结合冒号后的内容稍加推断也不难得到答案

5.in excess 过量

6.perceptual distortions 知觉扭曲 就是意乱神迷之类的...

7.psychoactive adj. 作用于精神的,影响(或改变)心理状态的

8.stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens 刺激物，镇静剂，迷幻剂

9.关于医学方面的词，也要注意积累，真题出现过的词要记住，比如aspirin,heroin,cocaine等等。

【参考译文】

从技术角度来说，除食品外，任何能改变我们审理和心理机能的物质都是药物。很多人错误的认为“药物”这个词仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到一些我们所熟悉的物质，诸如酒精、烟草也是药物。这也是为什麽现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用物质这个更加中性的词。许多医生和心理学家常使用“物质滥用”而不是“药物滥用”这一概念，他们想以此说明：滥用象烟酒这样的物质与滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。

我们居住的社会里，不论是医疗还是日常生活中，滥用物质（药物）的现象都十分普通：吃片阿司匹林来缓解头痛，喝杯酒来促进交际，早起喝杯咖啡来打起精神，抽支烟来缓解紧张。使用这些物质是被社会认可的，而且明显对我们有帮助，怎麽会成滥用了呢？首先，大部分的物质，一旦使用过量，就会产生负面影响，比如中毒或导致知觉扭曲。反复使用一种物质会导致上瘾或对该物质的依赖。这种依赖首先表现为忍耐性增强，要想达到预期的效果就需要越来越多的这种物质，然后当一旦终止使用这种物质，就会出现停药后的不适症状。

影响中枢神经系统、改变感知、情绪和行为的药物（物质）属于影响心理状态的物质，而这种物质通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。兴奋剂主要起加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则减缓它的活动。幻觉剂主要影响人的感知觉，以各种方式（包括产生幻觉）将它扭曲、改变。它们被称作“引起幻觉的药物”（这个词来自希腊语，意思是“展示思想的”），因为它们似乎从根本上改变了人的意识状态。

【作业】

1.学习完单词后自己认真翻译原文，并将原文中红色字体部分句子的译文回帖，认真答题者奖励100HY

2.自己认真总结本篇文章的词组，长难句，可以整理在本子上（推荐），也可以跟帖总结，把每天的帖子当作你的笔记本。

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