【沪研节目】一天一篇真题记单词（19-1996阅读TEXT4）
【节目介绍】
我们的计划是每天一篇真题，每天记忆文章中的10-20个单词。然后对文章做全文翻译，来达到记忆单词的目的。
历年真题从完形填空、阅读理解、翻译入手，计划从1994年开始，共需要20周左右的时间去完成学习。
参考用书为印建坤编《考研英语核心词汇速成胜经》。
学习完单词后自己认真翻译原文，并将原文中红色字体部分句子的译文回帖，认真答题者奖励50HY，灌水者杀无赦。
希望广大研友和沪友前来支持和学习啊~~
【节目正文】
1996年完形填空
核心词汇：
outburst n. (火山、感情等)爆发、喷出, 突发, 破裂
[例] an outburst of indignation.勃然大怒
[同义] discharge， ejection ，eruption ，outbreak， torrent
premium n. 1 额外费用 2 奖金, 奖赏 3 保险费, (货币兑现的)贴水
[例] He paid premiums on his life insurance last year.他去年付了人寿保险费。
[反义] discount n. 折扣
nonverbal adj. 1 不用动词的 2 不用语言的
[例] Gestures are a nonverbal means of expression. 打手势是一种非言语的表达方式。
spatial adj. 空间的
[例] spatial extent 空间延长
[派生] spatiality n. 空间性
mechanics n. (用作单数)机械学、力学, (用作复数)技巧, 结构
[例] The mechanics of football are learned with practice. 足球技艺是通过练习而学会的
[派生] mechanical adj. 机械的, 机械制的, 机械似的, 呆板的
mechanic n. 技工, 机修工, 机械士
literate n. 学者 adj. 有文化的，有阅读和写作能力的
[例] There are more literate people now than before . 现在有阅读能力的人要比以前多。
[同义] cultured ，educated ，learned，scholarly
[反义] illiterate n. 文盲 adj. 不识字的, 没受教育的
thorough adj. 十分的, 彻底的
[例] They made a thorough search for the lost ring, but didn't find it.
他们仔细地寻找过那枚丢失的戒指，可是没有找到。
[同义] complete， full， intensive
precede v. 领先(于), 在...之前, 先于
[例] He preceded his lecture with a humorous anecdote. 他以一个幽默的轶事开始他的演说
[同义] head， lead
[反义] follow vt. 跟随, 追随, 沿...而行, 理解, 遵循, 从事, 追求, 注视
vi. 跟随, 接着 n. 跟随, 追随
parallel adj. 1 平行的, 相同的 2 类似的, 并联的
n. 1 平行线,平行面 2 类似, 相似物 v. 相应, 平行
[例] The railway line runs parallel with / to the highway. 铁路线和那条公路平行。
[同义] similar
beneficence n. 善行, 仁慈, 赠物 n. 行善,慈善,捐款,捐赠物
[例] bestow many beneficences 捐赠许多救济品
[派生] beneficent adj. 慈善的, 仁慈的, 善行的
emulation n. 竞争, 效法
[例] real time emulation 实时仿真
[派生] emulate n. 仿效
emulative adj. 好胜
【强化练习】
1.Overt(明显的)and covert(隐蔽的) streams of intelligence are by no means completely ______ and distinct; they often mingle and meander over one another’s territory.
A. similar B. repressed C. parallel D. scornful
2.We can discuss further details when you have a _________ knowledge of the marketing possibilities of our products.
A. thorough B. cute C. sore D. spectacular
3.We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and_________ .
A. gloomy B. irregular C. unambiguous D. irritated
【真题原文】
学习完单词后自己认真翻译原文，并将原文中红色字体部分句子的译文回帖，认真答题者奖励50HY，灌水者杀无赦。
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America---breakthroughs such as the telegraph , the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors ; and above all the American genius for nonverbal , "spatial" thinking about things technological .
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics ,especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman. "
A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. "This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out , "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process . . . The designer and the inventor . . . are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist. "
This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. , like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "
When all these shaping forces--schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking--interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic , emulation . Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
【原文翻译】选择答案：C A C
在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样的重大发明纷纷涌现，这是什么原因呢？
在众多的因素中，我特意指出以下几个：美国优秀的小学教育；欢迎新技术的工人阶级；为发明人提供奖金的政策；其中最重要的是，美国人的那种非文字的，“空间的”思维方式。
为什么要提小学教育？由于这些学校的存在，我们的技工们基本上都识文断字、熟知算术及某些几何学与三角学知识，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为普遍。
敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的高度适应性和创造性与这种教育上的优势联系起来。1853 年访问过美国的一位英国人说：“经过学校严密的训练，美国的男孩子很快就能成长为熟练的工人。”
推动发明的进一步刺激来自“奖励”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一起存在。这种做法来自国外，为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。
在美国的全国博览会和各大城市举办的工业博览会上，大量的奖金被颁发给新发明的设备，美国人蜂拥而至去欣赏这些新的发明，这也更坚定了他们对科技进步带来的益处的信心。
有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很容易便适应了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。正如尤金.福格森曾指出：“技术人员所考虑的东西是难以用语言加以确切描述的；这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉的、非语言的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”
这种非文字性的“空间思维”方式和绘画、写作一样富有创造性。罗伯特. 法欧曾写到：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子中间，如同一位诗人处在字母表中的字母一样，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”
当所有这些因素——教育，开放的态度，奖金制度，空间思考的才能——在美国富饶的土地上相互作用时，就产生了美国特有的性格：效仿。今天，这个词只意味着模仿，但是在早些时候，它意味着友好但充满竞争的努力去争取名誉和成功。
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