Text4.2004年试题

　　The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.（61）The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.

　　Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different rom their own.Two anthropologists—linguists，Franz Boas and Edward Sapir，were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.

　　（62）We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished，as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.Other linguists in the earlier part of this century，however，who were less eager to deal with bizarre（古怪的）data from“exotic（外来的）”language，were not always so grateful.（63）The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the wellstudied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.Native American languages are indeed different，so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World WarⅡto sand secret messages.

　　Sapir’s pupil，Benjamin Lee Whorf，continued the study of American Indian languages.（64）Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language，the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.（65）Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society.Later，this idea became to be known as the SapirWhorf hypothesis，but this term is somewhat inappropriate.Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages，Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.