作者:上海新东方雷远旻、徐星海

 

Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual.

First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an intellectual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to this decision.

This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, “is something else.”

纵观今年的考研翻译题目,我们觉得其难度适中。与近三年的考题相较,2006年的翻译比2004的难,而比2005容易一些。换而言之,今年试题的难度值应该介于0.52与0.53之间。另外,本篇翻译题目就其文体而言,仍然属于近年非常热门的社会科学类文章。由此可见,考研翻译难度总体趋于稳定已成定局。
盘点今年考题,我们发现:传统的考点出现了一边倒的局面,如定语从句、比较结构、指代关系等考点的出现频率有所上升(2004—2006全是如此),而宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、被动结构、插入结构等送分型考点的重要性则相对降低。此外,定语从句和指代关系的难度有所下降,而比较结构的难度则有所上升。较之以往,今年的考题,对学生实际运用英语的能力有更高的要求。

以下,我们将逐一分析此次考试的五道试题:

46I shall define him as an intellectual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems.

很明显,本题是以定语从句作为分水岭的,我们由此将句子分成两部分:即主句和定语从句。前一部分中,有以下得分点值得关注:首先,我们应该可以把握“define…as”(把……定义为……)这个词组。然后,我们需要对 him”做一些处理。这里的“him”我们既可以翻译成为“知识分子”,也可以省略不译。也就是说,前句我们可以翻译成:“我会把‘知识分子’定义为这样的人,他们……”或者是“我对于‘知识分子’的定义是……的人”。再次,本句中出现的“intellectual”(知识分子)是一个高频词汇,曾经在历年的考研试卷中出现过至少20次。在2003年的62题中,“intellectual enquiry”翻译为“知识探究”,可见,“intellectual”本身是一个一词多义的高频词,我们考生在平时的复习过程中需要给予这样的小词以足够的关注。

后一部分,是由who引导的定语从句。在这个从句中,我们首先注意到一个词组“elect…as”(把……作为)。进而我们不难发现,这里由于句子本身的宾语比较长,因此宾语补足语被前置了。即本来是elect A as B这样一个结构,但由于A太长,最终变成了elect as B A这样一个结构,即elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life(B)  the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems(A).从语法角度讲,这就是把SVOC 主谓宾补结构(S=主语;V=谓语;O=宾语;C=宾补)中的C前置成为SVCO。同样的结构,以往也曾考过,比如2003年第65题,本来是make something possible,但由于something以及它的修饰成分太长,结果变成了make possible something (which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding)。同样是possible作为句子的宾补,如果something是短宾语,那么适用make something possible的结构,而如果something是长宾语,那么就适用make possible something的结构。

最后,本句中出现的“moral”(道德)一词也是历年考研试卷中的高频词汇,已经考察近30次了。

综上,本句可以翻译为:“我会把‘知识分子’定义为这样的人,他们把以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题的活动作为人生的主要任务和乐趣。”

 

47His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to this decision.

本句同样考到(非限制性)定语从句,所以句子也可以分成主句和定语从句两部分。主句部分相对容易,而这其中“analogous”算是个难词。但是有上下文“to that (function) of a judge”这本身就显示“his function”和“that of a judge”之间是某种类比关系。而此处的“analogous”正是“类似”的意思。

定语从句部分则相对较难,也是本句翻译的关键。众所周知,理解长难句的关键是找出主干,本句定语从句的主干就是“who must accept the obligation”,而“obligation”后面全部是修饰成分——整个定语从句是从句套从句的复杂结构,无法很好地融合在同一个修饰成分中,所以不妨采取后置法,通过重复先行词把本句定语从句译成:“后者(即法官作者注)必须接受如下(这一)义务,即……”。

此外,这个定语从句对语言的运用能力要求更高,比如“in as obvious a manner as possible”是“reveal”(揭示)的“manner”(方式),因此,本结构亦可作“in a manner as obvious as possible”(以尽可能浅显的方式)。

再比如,“revealing”的宾语本来是“the course of reasoning which led him to this decision”,但中间插入了较长的方式状语“in as obvious a manner as possible”,这就给理解造成一定困难。

还有,which led him to this decision是一个简短的定语从句,可以作为一个修饰成分。因此我们不妨采用前置法,把该定语从句作为中心词的修饰语。其中值得注意的是“lead to”这个词组在考研翻译中也已经出现数次了。

由此,我们可以如下翻译:“知识分子的作用与法官类似,后者必须接受如下义务,即以尽可能浅显的方式揭示导致他做出某一决定的推理过程。”

 

48I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

纵观全句,句子虽长,可是理解还是比较简单的。主要是主句加上一个本身带有让步状语从句的原因状语从句。

主句部分主要考察了指代关系。其中,当第一次出现代词“him”的时候,考生不难发现它指代的就是最近的中心词“average scientist”(一般科学家)。而在后面的原因状语从句中,则再一次考察了“his”的指代关系。根据“代一不代二”的原则,同句出现反复指代,那么只要翻译首次出现的代词即可。因此,这里的“his”可以直接翻译为“他的”。

在原因状语从句部分中,难点在于“he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems”这一部分。字面意思是:他没有被赋予接触这些问题中事实部分以外的其它部分的任务。说得简单点,就是“仅被赋予了研究这些问题中与事实相关的层面。”稍微结合上下文,可以看出,本句的意思是:没人指望科学家研究问题的道德层面,我们只要求他们研究问题的事实层面。

由此,结合整句的理解,我们可以将它翻译为:“我把一般科学家排除在外了,这是因为,尽管科学家的成就可能有助于解决道德问题,但他们只有义务研究这些问题的事实层面。”

 

49But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

本句由一个比较结构“not …any more than”分割成两部分。该比较结构具体到本句,翻译时大致的框架必须是:如同人们没有期待商人……,一般科学家的主要任务也不是……。有了这个大致框架,整个句子不会有什么问题了。

前句中中仍然出现了一个传统考点——定语从句:“which governs his activity”,而这个定语从句本身结构比较简单,可以作为一个修饰成分,因此,我们可以采取前置法,把整个定语从句作为形容词翻译在中心词“moral code”之前。

当然,这里出现的“his”也需要找到它的指代对象,也就是前句的“average scientist”。

而在后半句中,可能给考生答题造成困难的,也许就是词组“dedicate to”(致力于)了。然而,根据比较结构“结构相似,内容相关”的特点,考生应该会发现结构中的“dedicate to an exploration”其实与“think about”是有内在联系的。

所以,我们可以把该句翻译成为:“但是,如同人们没有期待商人致力于思考商业界的行为准则一样,一般科学家的主要任务也不是思考控制其活动的道德规范。”

 

50They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.

整句由“but”分割成为主句和转折状语从句两部分。此外,主句中还出现了“more than”引导的比较结构,该结构理解偏难,明显考察大家的语言功底。其实这个句子的比较结构中还包含有省略结构。主句如果补全,应该是:They may teach very well, and they may teach more than earn their salaries,这样意思就比较明显了:知识分子可能教得很好,而且可能不光为了谋生而教书。

而转折状语从句尽管简单,但又考到了定语从句“which involve moral judgment”。只是这个定语从句仍然比较简单,可以作为一个修饰语出现,因为,我们还是采取前置法,把它置于中心词之前。

结合以上,我们可以译作:“知识分子可能教得很好,而且可能不仅为了谋生而教书,但是他们中的大多数人对于涉及道德判断的人类问题几乎或者根本没有进行过独立的思考。”

 

综合以上5题的分析,广大考生应该对于此次考研翻译有了一个大致的把握——今年的考研翻译既不同于以往,也没有超乎我们的预计;既出现了一些新动向、新发展,也符合考研翻译历年形成的考察规律。应该说,今年的考研试题能够客观公正、科学合理地反应考生的真实英语水平。此次我们提供这个分析也旨在继往开来:一方面,我们希望能够对于刚刚经历过今年考研洗礼的考生们提供一些直接的帮助,集思广益,推敲考研翻译的破题之法,切磋彼此对于此次考研翻译的不同理解;另一方面,我们更希望为即将参加考研的同学们综合考研翻译的最新动态,指明翻译复习的重点和难点。当然,我们的分析也只是提供了一个起点而已,正所谓路漫漫其修远兮,在任何征途上想取得成功,还是需要广大同学自身努力。天道酬勤,天道酬勤!

 

供稿:上海新东方学校